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Dipteryx odorata
''Dipteryx odorata'' (commonly known as "cumaru" or "kumaru") is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. That tree is native to Central America and northern South America.〔Dae Sik Jang, Eun Jung Park, Michael E. Hawthorne, Jose Schunke Vigo, James G. Graham, Fernando Cabieses, Bernard D. Santarsiero, Andrew D. Mesecar, Harry H. S. Fong, Rajendra G. Mehta, John M. Pezzuto, and A. Douglas Kinghorn, 2003. ''Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Constituents of the Seeds of Dipteryx odorata (Tonka Bean).'' Journal of Natural Products, Volume 66, Number 5〕 Its seeds are known as tonka beans (sometimes tonkin beans or tonquin beans). They are black and wrinkled and have a smooth, brown interior. They have a strong fragrance similar to sweet woodruff (''Galium odoratum'') due to their high content of coumarin.
The word "tonka" is taken from the Galibi (Carib) tongue spoken by natives of French Guiana; it also appears in Tupi, another language of the same region, as the name of the tree. The old genus name, ''Coumarouna'', was formed from another Tupi name for tree, ''kumarú''.
==Biology of the tree==
The tree itself grows up to 25–30 meters, with a trunk of up to one meter in diameter.〔CRC handbook of alternative cash crops, page 238-239〕 The tree bark is smooth and gray, whereas the wood is red.〔Patricia Shanley, Murilo da Serra Silva, Tadeu Melo, Rachel Carmenta, Robert Nasi, 2012. ''From conflict of use to multiple use: Forest management innovations by small holders in Amazonian logging frontiers.'' Forest Ecology and Management 268:70-80〕 The tree has alternate pinnate leaves with three to six leaflets, leathery, glossy and dark green, and pink flowers. Each developed fruit contains one seed. ''D. odorata'' is pollinated by insects. The worst pests are the bats because they eat the pulpy flesh of the fruit. A few known fungi may cause problems: ''Anthostomella abdita, Diatrype ruficarnis, Macrophoma calvuligera'' and ''Myiocopron cubense.'' 〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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